Unemployment Benefits Guide

What unemployment insurance actually covers

Unemployment insurance (UI) is a joint federal-state program that provides temporary income to workers who lose their jobs through no fault of their own. Benefits typically replace about 40 to 50 percent of your previous wages, up to a state maximum.

Key eligibility requirements

• You were laid off, had hours reduced, or were let go for reasons other than serious misconduct.
• You earned enough wages during your "base period" (usually the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters).
• You are able and available to work.
• You are actively looking for new employment.

If you resigned or were fired for cause, you may still qualify in some states. The specifics depend on your circumstances and state law.

How to file your unemployment claim

Step 1: Gather your documents

Before you start the application, collect:

• Social Security number
• Driver's license or state ID
• Addresses and dates for all employers in the past 18 months
• Payroll stubs or records of earnings
• Direct deposit information (bank routing and account numbers)
• Alien registration number (if applicable)

Step 2: File with your state

Visit your state's unemployment website to file online. Most states allow online filing 24/7. You can also file by phone in many states, though wait times vary.

For other states, search "[your state] unemployment" to find the official portal.

Step 3: Complete the weekly certification

After your initial claim is approved, you must certify each week (or every two weeks in some states). Certification confirms that you are still unemployed, able to work, and actively searching for jobs. Missing a certification can delay or stop your payments.

Understanding your benefit amount

How benefits are calculated

Most states use a formula based on your earnings during the base period. The typical calculation:

1. Add up wages from the highest-earning quarter.
2. Divide by a factor set by the state (often around 25 to 26).
3. Cap the result at the state maximum.

Weekly maximums vary widely. As of 2025, Massachusetts pays up to $1,033 per week, while Mississippi caps at $235.

How long benefits last

Standard UI lasts 26 weeks in most states. Some states offer fewer weeks (Florida and North Carolina cap at 12 to 16 weeks depending on the unemployment rate). Extended benefits may become available during periods of high unemployment.

What to do if your claim is denied

Common denial reasons

• Insufficient wages during the base period
• Voluntarily quitting without "good cause"
• Being fired for misconduct
• Not being available for work
• Missing certifications or failing to respond to requests

How to appeal

You have the right to appeal a denial. The appeal window is usually 10 to 30 days from the date of the decision letter. Steps:

1. Read your denial notice carefully. It will explain the reason and the deadline.
2. File your appeal in writing (online, by mail, or by fax).
3. Gather evidence: pay stubs, termination letters, correspondence with your employer, doctor's notes if you left for health reasons.
4. Attend the hearing. Most appeals include a phone or video hearing where you can present your case.

For residents of California, Illinois, Washington, or South Carolina: AppealKit offers free tools and guidance specifically for unemployment appeals in these states. They can help you prepare your case and understand the process.

Many denials are overturned on appeal, especially when the claimant presents documentation and attends the hearing.

Maintaining eligibility while job searching

Work search requirements

Most states require you to apply for a certain number of jobs each week (commonly 2 to 5). You must keep records of:

• Company name and contact information
• Date of application
• Position applied for
• Method of application (online, in person, referral)

Some states require you to register with their job service or attend reemployment workshops.

Reporting income

If you work part-time while receiving benefits, report your earnings. Many states allow you to keep a portion of your benefits if your earnings fall below a threshold. Failing to report income is fraud and can result in repayment obligations, penalties, and disqualification.

Special situations

Self-employment and gig work

Traditional UI does not cover self-employed workers. However, some states have programs for gig workers, and federal pandemic programs (now expired) expanded eligibility temporarily. Check your state's current rules if you are self-employed.

Relocating to another state

If you move while receiving benefits, you continue to receive them from the state where you worked. However, you must meet the work search requirements of your new state. Notify your paying state of your new address.

Seasonal workers

If you work seasonally (teaching, agriculture, tourism), you may be eligible during off-seasons if you meet the standard requirements. Some states have specific rules for seasonal industries.

Avoiding common mistakes

• Do not wait to file. Delays can mean missed weeks of benefits.
• Certify on time. Set a reminder for your certification day.
• Keep detailed records. Document every job application and any communication from the unemployment office.
• Respond immediately to requests. If the state asks for additional information, provide it within the deadline.
• Do not lie. Fraud has serious consequences, including repaying benefits, fines, and potential criminal charges.

What happens when benefits run out

Options after exhausting UI

• Extended benefits: During high unemployment periods, federal or state extensions may become available.
• Job training programs: Many states offer funded retraining or education while you search.
• Other assistance: SNAP (food stamps), Medicaid, and local aid programs can help bridge the gap.

Transitioning back to work

As you near the end of your benefits, intensify your job search. Consider:

• Expanding the types of roles you apply for
• Accepting temporary or contract work
• Using Resume Work to tailor your resume for each application

State-by-state resources

For detailed information about your state's program, visit CareerOneStop, a Department of Labor resource that links to every state unemployment office.

Next steps

• Tailor your resume to match the jobs you are applying for.
• Run the ATS checker to ensure your resume passes automated screening.
• Review resume samples to see how successful job seekers present their experience.